jan 1, 51 BC - Cleopatra VII (Egypt)

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Cleopatra VII was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty and a direct antagonist of Herod the Great. Through her relationship with Mark Antony she obtained the balsam plantations of Jericho and territory along the coast, forcing Herod to lease his own most profitable land back from her. Josephus reports that she pressed Antony to remove Herod altogether. Her defeat with Antony at Actium in 31 BCE left Herod exposed as a former ally of the losing side, and his successful appeal to Augustus at Rhodes secured his throne and the shape of Judea for the next generation.

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