jan 1, 27 BC - Augustus (Rome)

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Augustus ended the Roman civil wars and established the imperial system, ruling for over forty years and creating the long peace known as the Pax Romana. He confirmed Herod as king of Judea and later divided Herod's kingdom among his sons, refusing to grant any of them the royal title. He permitted Jews throughout the empire to keep the Sabbath, send the Temple tax to Jerusalem, and be exempt from emperor worship. These privileges made Judaism a legally protected religion, a status that shaped Jewish life across the Diaspora for centuries.

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