History of Mathematics 2019

*W: Origin of Humankind *W: Neanderthal man. *W: Evidence of counting *W: Cro-Magnon Man *W: Cave paintings and primitive geometric designs *W: Stone age *W: Primitive agriculture *W: Neolithic civilizations *W: Farming, ceramics, burials W: Use of metals W: Use of wheeled vehicles W: Use of potter's wheel *W: rudiments of writing appear in some cultures W: Smelting of iron W: Use of bronze metalworking NW: Olmec civilization by the Gulf of Mexico E: Hypothetical origin of the Egyptian calendar E: Invention of bread *E: Use of hieroglyphic writing E: Hieroglyphic numerals up to a million. E: Pharaoh Atothis writes first book about human body *E: Probable introduction of the Egyptian calendar E: Paved highways *C: Invention of paper *E: Rhind Papyrus Meso: Rise of Mesopotamia/Babylonia Meso: Developed writing system of pictographs B: Behistun Rock created B: Translation of Senkerah tablet *E: Ptolemy introduces the symbol omicron "o" for 0 C: A number system is fully developed C: First found mathematical text W: Invention of the wheelbarrow C: Chinese script is mature *I: Mature Indus script W: Lebombo bone W: Rosetta Stone was found *I: Fibonacci I: Cotton cultivated I: Religious practices est. in Indus Valley region B: Babylonian time system developed Meso: Development of a system of weights and measures Meso: Positional notations is developed Meso: Epic of Gilgamesh Meso: Invention of chariots B: Beginning of the Babylonian Empire B: Code of Hammurabi B: Perfection of glass making C: Production of silk fabric C: Recorded observation of a comet *E: Beginning of construction of the Great Pyramid E: Moscow papyrus E: Berlin papyrus E: Invention pf the water clock E: Development of the semaphore for communication. W: Trojan War W: Jerusalem becomes Israeli capital W: Rise of the Kingdom of Kush in Nubia Rise of the Persian Empire C: Era of the Hundred Schools of Thought. W: Babylonian Captivity of the tribes of Israel *E: Founding of Alexandria W: Death of Alexander the Great E: Valley of the Kings *E: Simple fractions *C: First mathematical artifacts found *C: Birth of Confucius NW: Evidence of writing in the Zapotec civ. C: Use of rod numerals C: Warring states period begins I: Establishment of a 95 year calendar I: Vedic Sanskrit text. *I: Birth of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) I: Schools of atomism originate I: Meeting of the first Buddhist Council *I: Jain mathematicians R: City of Rome founded according to legend *R: Founding of the Rome Republic G: Illiad and Odyssey of Homer G: First philosophers discuss findings from Egypt and Babylon G: Rise of Greek citystates G: first sculptures that could stand alone. G: First Olympiad *G: Thales of Miletus G: Pythagorean discoveries G: Athens won a battle against Persia *G: Parmenides *G: Zeno *G: Democritus *G: Hippocrates of Cos *G: Birth of Plato G: Death of Socrates *G: Eudoxus G: Death of Plato G: Death of Aristotle NW: Great Pyramid of Cholula Meso: Abacus *NW: 0 used in the Olmec civ W: Hannibal crosses the Alp *C: Beginning of construction of the great Wall of China NW: Nazca Lines C: Revival of Confucianism W: East half of Silk Road open W: Slave uprising lead by Spartacus W: Silk road extended to Mediterranean E: Cleopatra become joint ruler of Egypt NW: Maya place value and calendar W: Glass vessels W: Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced W: Julius Caesar is murdered W: Herod is appointed king of Judaea W: Jesus is born *C: Oldest evidence of geometry in China C: techniques for solving equations dev'd C: Zhou dynasty ends and Confucianism banned. C: Standardized system of weights and measures C: Dynasties change again C: The Book on Numbers and Computation is written C: "Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" is completed In: First instance of Brahmi numerals *In/Jain: Combinations W: Use of water wheels for irrigation W: First known use of smelted iron to create steel. *In: Work towards a new number system In/Jain: "Sthananga Sutra" written *W: Rosetta Stone *G: Euclid of Alexandia *G: Aristarchus *G: Archimedes *G: Eratosthenes and his Sieve G: Apollonius *G: Eratosthenes and the Earth G: Hipparchus *I: Earliest known use of 0 as a placeholder. *I: Aryabhata I/J: Jains and infinity *I: Bhaskara I *I: Brahmagupta W: Christians decided this is Year 1 R: Nero is proclaimed emperor W: Dead Sea Scrolls *W: Eruption of Vesuvius W: Buddhism in China *W: Roman Roads stretch from England to Egypt NW: Introduction of Quetzalcoatl W: Hadrian's Wall construction begins W: London *W: First steps towards printing W: Use of horses in war W: Invention of the metal stirrup *W: Byzantium is renamed Constantinople W: Shinto clan becomes emperor of Japan W: Destruction of the Serapeum W: Final division of the Roman Empire R: Traditional Fall of Rome NW: Origin of Chocolate drink. *W: Muhammad born in Mecca W: Arabs gain control of Palestine W: Muslims defeat the Persian Empire *W: Beginning of the Islamic Golden Age W: Muslims enter Spain and India. *E: Diophantus of Alexandria *E: Theon of Alexandria *E: Hypatia E: Death of Hypatia *C: Sun Zi *C: Lui Hui C: Tsu Ch'ung-chi's approx for pi C: Liu Zhuo and quadratic interpolation C: Introduction of Hindu numerals C: Tables of sines translated from India C: Wang Xiatong solved cubic equations C: Yi Xing constructed a table of tangents W: Death of Charlemagne The Viking Great Army arrives in England *W: Earliest known printed book in China with a date. W: Iceland is settled by Norsemen W: Abd-ar-Rahman III takes the title of Caliph of the Islamic world W: Eric the Red, exiled from Iceland, begins colonization of Greenland W: Leif Ericson settles for the winter in present-day Canada W: The Tale of Genjiis W: Avicenna of Persia writes The Canon of Medicine. W: Founding of Westminster Abbey W: The Great Schism W: William the Conqueror W: Construction of the Tower of London *W: Compilation of the Domesday Book *W: University of Oxford founded. W: Windmills W: Europeans first use compasses W: Sack of Constantinople *W: Ghengis Khan W: University of Cambridge is founded *W: The Magna Carta is signed W: Siege of Baghdad W: Marco Polo writes about China W: Dante's Divine Comedy NW: Founding of Tenochtitlan W: First known merchant guild W: First Instance of the Black Death *W: Black Death reaches Constantinople *House of Wisdom Established Al-Khwarizmi Al-Kindi Al-Karaji Al-Batani Hindu Arabic numeral system Omar Khayyam Al-Samawal Bhaskara II Nasir al-Sin al-Tusi Translation of Greek texts Hugh of St. Victor Leonardo Fibonacci Nicole Oresme Le Ye Zhu Shijie Abu Kamil Timbuktu Mathematical Manuscripts Chaucer Bible translated into English *Beginning of the Portuguese Empire and Age of Discovery Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City Joan of Arc Birth of Incan Empire *Movable type printing *Birth of Leonardo da Vinci *Fall of Constantinople Birth of Michelangelo Joan of Arc is acquitted of heresy *Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition Birth of Martin Luther *Metal movable type created in China Christopher Columbus sails Jews expelled from Spain *Vasco de Gama Michelangelo works on David Mona Lisa *Birth of Shakespeare Death of the last Inca leader *Gregorian calendar England repulses the Spanish Armada use of + - equal sign Beginning of Edo period in Japan *symbols for multiplication *First publication of the King James Bible Taj Mahal *Harvard University founded *Establishment of the Greenwich Observatory Birth of composer Antonio Vivaldi Birth of composer George Friferich Handel Birth of composer Johann Sebastian Bach Salem witch trials in Massachusetts Madhava Parameshvara Regiomontatus "De divina proportione" Gerolamo Cardano *Jyeshtadeva *Rafael Bombelli *John Napier *William Oughtred Pierre de Fermat Pascal and Fermat and theory of probability John Wallis Newton and Leibnize and infinitesimal Calculus Edmund Halley *W: Construction of Stonehenge E: Egypt is stable G: Life of Herodotus E: Formation of Egyptian civilization C: Xia dynasty Math inquires stop for Rome and those it controls W: Destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria *W: Hagia Sophia Construction *W: Muhammad's influence I: Golden Age of the Gupta Empire Islamic Golden Age *W: Crusades Hundred Years' W: Hundred Years' War Renaissance Aztecs are dominant *Magellan- Elcano voyage *Thomas Harriet Francois Vieta Height of the Kerala School *Rene Descartes Sir Francis Bacon Galileo *Copernicus