TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS (WIP)

Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran. Skara Brae is built in Scotland. Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts. Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is established in Romania and Ukraine. Jiroft culture begins in Iran. First known use of papyrus by Egyptians. Domestication of the horse in the Yamnaya culture. Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins. Longshan culture begins in China. Minoan civilization ancient palace city Knossos reaches 80,000 inhabitants. Rise of Elam in Iran. The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt. Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn. Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India) begins. Emergence of Mayan culture in the Yucatán Peninsula. King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time. The last mammoth population, on Wrangel Island in Siberia, goes extinct. Pharaoh Teti is thought to be the earliest known victim of assassination. Oldest known depiction of the Staff God, the oldest image of a god to be found in the Americas. Completion of Stonehenge. Traditional date for the legendary foundation of Armenia by Hayk. The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt. Sumerian cuneiform writing system is first used, triggering the beginning of recorded history. Yamnaya Culture appears. Newgrange is built in Ireland. Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney. Erlitou culture begins in China. Alphabetic writing emerges. The Old Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh constitutes the earliest complete version of that narrative. Oldest Record of Code of Hammurabi. Mycenaean civilization begins in mainland Greece. Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture; The beginning of Poverty Point culture in North America. Minoan eruption destroys Akrotiri and causes damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete. The beginning of Shang dynasty in China; evidence of a fully developed writing system, see Oracle bone script. The New Kingdom begins in Egypt. Composition of the Rigveda is completed. Nok culture begins in West Africa. Oldest known song with notation. The Merneptah Stele is the first non-biblical reference to the Israelites. The Hallstatt culture begins. Disintegration of Hittite Empire. Use of Iron spreads. The Phoenician alphabet is created. The Zhou force, led by King Wu of Zhou, overthrows the last king of Shang dynasty; Zhou dynasty established in China. The second stream of Bantu expansion reaches the great lakes region of Africa, creating a major population centre. Approximate date for the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Foundation of Carthage by the Phoenicians in Tunisia. Formation of the Kingdom of Macedonia by King Karanos Rise of Greek city-states. Iron Age begins in Sungai Batu (Old Kedah). Rise of the Kingdom of Kush. First recorded Ancient Olympic Games. Spring and Autumn period begins in China; Zhou dynasty's power is diminishing; the era of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Founding of Rome (traditional date). Assyrian captivity begins, creating the Ten Lost Tribes. Rise of the Median Empire. The construction of Marib Dam in Arabia Felix, in modern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Rise of Achaemenid dynasty. Draco replaces oral law with written law in Classical Athens, considered one of the earliest developments of the Athenian democracy. An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire. Cycladic culture in Greece. Caral–Supe civilization begins in Peru. The Roman Empire enters Great Britain for the first time. Emperor Claudius dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew Nero. Emperor Nero commits suicide, prompting the Year of the Four Emperors in Rome. Destruction of Jerusalem by the armies of Titus. Destruction of Pompeii by the volcano Vesuvius. After a two-year rule, Emperor Nerva dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan succeeds him. Birth of Nerva. Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son Hadrian succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia. Construction of Hadrian's Wall begins. Hadrian completes the Roman Pantheon. Hadrian dies of natural causes. Hadrian's adopted son Antoninus Pius succeeds him. Death of Antoninus Pius. His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war. Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire. Reign of Marcus Aurelius officially ends. End of the Pax Romana. Kingdom of Champa in Tay Nguyen. The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul, and made an Imperial province. Battle of Cangting: Warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival, Yuan Shao A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people. An edict bans conversions to Christianity and all Christian propaganda. Birth of Plotinus. Aemilius Papinianus becomes praetorian prefect, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. Eboracum becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. Three Kingdoms period begins in China after the fall of Han dynasty. Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the Sasanian Empire. Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa. Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers. Emperor Wu of Jin established the First Jin dynasty providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating Three Kingdoms period. Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Roman Empires. Diocletian begins a large-scale persecution of Christians. The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern day Milan). Sixteen Mahajanapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge in India. Evidence of writing system appears in Oaxaca used by the Zapotec civilization. Rise of the Sao civilisation near Lake Chad. Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam literature. Solon appointed Archon of Classical Athens and begins issuing citizenship and judicial reforms, giving Athenian citizens the right to participate in government. Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism is born as a prince of the Shakya clan, which ruled parts of Magadha, one of the Mahajanapadas. Confucius, founder of Confucianism, is born. Foundation of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great. Mahavira, founder of Jainism, is born. Cyrus the Great overthrows Croesus, King of Lydia. Rise of Magadha as the dominant power under Bimbisara. The fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and liberation of the Jews by Cyrus the Great. Death of Cyrus the Great. Cambyses II of Persia conquers Ancient Egypt. Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern Thrace, Macedonia submits voluntarily, and annexes the Libyan Kingdom, Persian Empire at largest extent. Expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, founding of Roman Republic (traditional date). Athenian democracy instituted at the Republic of Athens. Pāṇini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit. King Aristagoras of Miletus incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the Persian Empire, beginning the Greco-Persian Wars. Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at Battle of Marathon. Death of Gautama Buddha. Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes I; Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. Death of Confucius. Warring States period begins in China as the Zhou king became a mere figurehead; China is annexed by regional warlords. Birth of Socrates. Murder of Xerxes I. Birth of Democritus. Oresteia by Aeschylus, the only surviving trilogy of ancient Greek plays, is performed. The Greco-Persian Wars end. Building of the Parthenon at Athens started. Construction of the Parthenon is completed. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War between the Greek city-states. Sophocles's play Oedipus Rex is first performed. Birth of Plato. Nanda dynasty comes to power in Magadha. End of the Peloponnesian War. Zapotec culture flourishes around city of Monte Albán. Pandya dynasty is founded in South India. Rise of the Garamantes as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of Libya. Trial of Socrates. Birth of Aristotle. Death of Democritus. Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela, completing his conquest of Persia. Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River. Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon. Death of Aristotle. Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nanda dynasty of Magadha. Establishment of the Seleucid Empire by Seleucus I Nicator. The empire existed until 63 BC. Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropamisadae (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan) from Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of Babylonia, in return for 500 elephants. Completion of Euclid's Elements. Pingala uses zero and binary numeral system. Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam) Construction of the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Ashoka becomes the emperor of the Maurya Empire. Kalinga War. An Dương Vương takes over Việt Nam (then Kingdom of Âu Lạc). Ashoka sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son who was Mahinda Thero (Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka) Mahinda (Buddhist monk). Rise of Parthia (Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia. Death of Emperor Ashoka; Decline of the Mauryan Empire. Emergence of Satavahana in South India. Qin Shi Huang unifies China, end of Warring States period; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the Great Wall of China by the Qin dynasty begins. Battle of Cannae – Rome defeated in major battle in the second Punic War. Nanyue Kingdom extends from Guangzhou to North Việt Nam . Han dynasty established in China, after the death of Qin Shi Huang; China in this period officially becomes a Confucian state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e. the Silk Road Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama. El Mirador, largest early Maya city, flourishes. Paper is invented in the Han dynasty Chera dynasty in South India. Shunga Empire founded. Roman conquest of Greece. Eucratides I dies; Greco-Bactrian Kingdom collapses. Remnants move southwards to form the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Roman armies enter Gaul for the first time. First Chinese domination of Vietnam in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom. Chola dynasty rises in prominence. Burebista becomes the king of Dacia. Death of Spartacus. End of the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey. Julius Caesar murdered by Marcus Junius Brutus and others. Burebista is assassinated in the same year like Julius Caesar and his empire breaks into 4 and later 5 kingdoms in modern-day Romania. Cleopatra ends her reign as the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. End of the Roman Republic and formation of the Roman Empire. Three Kingdoms period begins in Korea. Herod's Temple is reconstructed. Earliest theorized date for birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Roman succession: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar groomed for the throne. Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of Jesus. Birth of Saint Peter. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the Imperial Roman army's bloodiest defeat. Death of Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar (Octavian), ascension of his adopted son Tiberius to the throne. Death of Emperor Tiberius, ascension of his nephew Caligula to the throne. Birth of the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Nero. Rome conquers Mauretania. Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle Claudius succeeds him. Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices. Armenia first to adopt Christianity as state religion. Edict of Milan declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious worship. Emperor Min of Jin executed, with northern China then controlled by various kingdoms founded by non-Han people. The Jin dynasty continues to rule the south. Constantine the Great organizes the First Council of Nicaea. Constantinople is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire. Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta Empire. Emperor Constantine the Great dies, leaving his sons Constantius II, Constans, and Emperor Constantine II as the emperors of the Roman empire. Constantius II is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers. Birth of Augustine of Hippo. Constantius II dies, his cousin Emperor Julian succeeds him. Battle of Adrianople, Roman army is defeated by the Germanic tribes. Roman Emperor Theodosius I declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical. Theodosius I outlaws all religions other than Catholic Christianity Romans are expelled from Britain. Germanic tribes enter Spain. The general Liu Yu usurps the Jin in southern China, beginning the Liu Song dynasty. Vandals enter North Africa from Spain for the first time. Vandals have conquered the land stretching from Morocco to Tunisia by this time. The Northern Wei dynasty unites northern China, beginning the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily and Sardinia. Skandagupta repels a Huna people attack on India. Romulus Augustulus, last Western Roman Emperor is forced to abdicate by Odoacer. Death of Julius Nepos, last Roman Emperor to be recognized as such by the Roman Senate and the Byzantine Empire Zeno died. Augustus Anastasius I Dicorus died. Augustus Justin I appointed his older son Justinian I the Great co-augustus with himself. Justinian I becomes Eastern Roman Emperor. The Codex Justinianeus, which attempted to consolidate and reconcile contradictions in Roman law, was promulgated. Justinian the Great ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Vandalic War: A Byzantine force under the general Belisarius departed for the Vandal Kingdom. Battle of Ad Decimum: A Byzantine army defeated a Vandal force near Carthage. Byzantines, under Belisarius, retake North Africa from the Vandals. Vandalic War: Gelimer surrendered to Belisarius and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement in Galatia, ending the war. The territory of the Vandal Kingdom was reorganized as the praetorian prefecture of Africa. Theodoric the Great killed Odoacer at a banquet after the Siege of Ravenna (490–493). Tikal becomes the first great Maya city. Battle of Badon. The Franks under Clovis I defeat the Visigoths in the Battle of Vouillé. Boethius writes his On the Consolation of Philosophy. Dionysius Exiguus publishes the Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table. Benedict of Nursia founds monastery at Monte Cassino. Nika riots in Constantinople. Saint Columba founds mission in Iona. The Kingdom of the Lombards is founded in Italy. Muhammad is born. The West Saxons continue their advance at the Battle of Deorham. Sui dynasty is founded in China. Gregory the Great becomes Pope. Augustine arrives in Kent. Deliberate fires set for unknown reasons destroy major buildings in Teotihuacan. Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor though disputed. Gunpowder is invented in the late Tang dynasty (somewhere around 9th century). Death of Charlemagne. Birth of Charlemagne. Birth of Legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok. Algebrae et Alumcabola Algorithm. Battle of Ellandun. Egbert defeats Mercians. Muslims invade Sicily. The town of Clondalkin (modern Ireland) is sacked by Vikings from Denmark, and the monastery is burnt to the ground. Muslims capture Bari and much of southern Italy. Division of Charlemagne's Empire between his grandsons with the Treaty of Verdun. Kenneth McAlpin becomes king of the Picts and Scots, creating the Kingdom of Alba. Viking state in Russia founded under Rurik, first at Novgorod, then Kiev. Christianization of Bulgaria. Fujiwara period in Japan. Death of Ragnar Lodbrok. Viking Great Army arrives in England. Earliest known printed book Diamond Sutra in China with a date. Alfred the Great assumes the throne, the first king of a united England. Harold Fairhair becomes King of Norway. Iceland is settled by Norsemen. Kievan Rus' is established. Arrival of the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria. Kings Eochaid and Giric of Alba and Strathclyde (modern Scotland) are deposed by Viking invaders. Emperor Simeon I becomes ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in the Balkans. Arpad and the Magyars are present in Pannonia. Death of Alfred the Great. Lowland Maya cities in the south collapse. The Tang dynasty is founded in China. Battle of Nineveh. Death of Muhammad and accession of Abu Bakr as first Caliph. Jerusalem captured by the Arab army, mostly Muslims, but with contingents of Syrian Christians. Battle of Nahavand. Muslims conquer Persia. Arab Army led by Amr ibn al-As takes Alexandria. In Japan, the Soga clan falls. Slav occupation of Balkans complete. The city-state Xochicalco is founded by the Olmeca–Xicallanca. Synod of Whitby. End of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea. Slaughter of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad by Umayyad dynasty in Battle of Karbala. Establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire. Battle of Dun Nechtain. Battle of Tertry. Arab army takes Carthage. North–South States Period begins in Korea. The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada. Umayyad conquest of Hispania under Tariq ibn Ziyad. Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia. Second Arab attack on Constantinople, ending in failure. Iconoclast movement begun in the Byzantine Empire under Leo III. This was opposed by Pope Gregory II, and an important difference between the Roman and Byzantine churches. Battle of Tours. Charles Martel halts Muslim advance. Death of Bede. Beginning of Abbasid Caliphate. Pepin the Short founds the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin promises the Pope central Italy. This is arguably the beginning of the temporal power of the Papacy. Beginning of Charlemagne's reign. Battle of Roncevaux Pass. Accession of Harun al-Rashid to the Caliphate in Baghdad. Sack of Lindisfarne. Viking attacks on Britain begin. Heian period in Japan. Pope Adrian I, age 95, dies after a 23-year reign, and is succeeded by Leo III as the 96th pope of Rome. Death of Offa of Mercia. Tang dynasty ends with Emperor Ai deposed. King Edward the Elder of England, son of King Alfred, defeats the Northumbrian Vikings at the Battle of Tettenhall. Cluny Abbey is founded by William I, Count of Auvergne. The Viking Rollo and his tribe settle in what is now Normandy by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, founding the Duchy of Normandy. Sri Kesari Warmadewa reigned in Walidwipa (Bali) Battle of Anchialus. Simeon I the Great defeats the Byzantines. Henry the Fowler, Duke of Saxony elected German King. First king of the Ottonian dynasty. The first King of Croatia (rex Croatorum), Tomislav (910–928) of the Trpimirović dynasty was crowned. King Aethelstan the Glorious unites the heptarchy of The Anglo-Saxon nations of Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria founding the Kingdom of England. According to Theophanes Continuatus (The Continuer of Theophanes's Chronicle) – Tomislav of Croatia defeated Bulgarian army of Tsar Simeon I under Duke Alogobotur, in battle of the Bosnian Highlands. Death of Simeon I the Great. Recognition of the Bulgarian Patriarchate, the first independent National Church in Europe. Abd-ar-Rahman III of the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus (part of the Iberian peninsula) takes the title of Caliph or ruler of the Islamic world. Wang Geon unified Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. Ngo Quyen won the battle of Bach Dang against the Chinese Southern Han army. Battle of Lechfeld. Otto the Great, son of Henry the Fowler, defeats the Magyars. Mieszko I becomes duke of Polans. Song dynasty begins after Emperor of Taizu usurps the throne from the Later Zhou, last of the Five Dynasties. Otto the Great crowned the Holy Roman Emperor. John I Tzimiskes and Nikephoros II are executed. Death of John I Tzimiskes; Basil II (his co-emperor) takes sole power. Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir becomes de facto ruler of Muslim Al-Andalus. Basil II (called "Bulgar Slayer") begins final conquest of Bulgaria. Eric the Red, exiled from Iceland, begins Scandinavian colonization of Greenland. Succession of Hugh Capet to the French Throne. Vladimir I of Kiev embraces Christianity, which becomes national religion. Peace and Truce of God formed. Pope John XV issues a decree canonizing the late Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg, the first recorded canonization of a saint. The imperial court decides to pardon Korechika and Takaie, under the illness of Teishi. Pope Gregory V dies after a 3-year pontificate in which the Crescentii family forced him to flee Rome. He is succeeded by Sylvester II as the 139th pope of the Catholic Church. The Taíno have become the dominant culture of modern day Puerto Rico. Leif Erikson is to settle during the winter in present-day Canada at L'Anse aux Meadows. Canute the Great becomes King of England after the death of Edmund Ironside, with whom he shared the English throne. The Byzantines under Basil II conquer Bulgaria after a bitter 50-years struggle. The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu, is completed sometime before this date. Henry I, duke of Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his stepson, Otto-William. He inherits the duchy; this is disputed by King Robert II of France ("the Pious"). Count Oliba (Taillefer) Ripoll. Oliba takes up the Benedictine habit at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. The Canon of Medicine is written. The Great Seljuk Empire is founded by Tughril Beg. Pope Leo IX ascends to the papal throne. The astrolabe, an ancient tool of navigation, is first used in Europe. Westminster Abbey is built. The East-West Schism which divided the church into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades England and becomes King after the Battle of Hastings. The Seljuks under Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine army at Manzikert. The Normans capture Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy. Pope Alexander II excommunicates advisors to Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV for simony. Pope Gregory VII elevated to the papal throne following the death of Alexander II. Dictatus Papae in which Pope Gregory VII defines the powers of the pope. Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV for simony (as Alexander II did with his advisors in 1073). Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV walks to Canossa where he stands barefoot in the snow to beg forgiveness of the Pope for his offences, and admitting defeat in the Investiture Controversy. The Construction of the Tower of London begins. The compilation of the Domesday Book, a great land and property survey commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess his new possessions. First Dynasty of Egypt. Earliest evidence of autochthonous iron production in West Africa. The Pastoral Neolithic culture builds East Africa's earliest and largest monumental cemetery at Lothagam North Pillar Site. Kerma culture begins in Nubia. 4.2-Kiloyear Event The Norte Chico or Caral–Supe civilization begins on the coast of Peru with a wave of monumental construction and founding of the first cities in the Americas. It is generally considered the oldest civilization in the Americas. The Proto-Sinaitic script is the oldest alphabet created in Egypt. Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's Formative period. The Late Bronze Age collapse The Urewe culture dominates the African Great Lakes region. It was one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres. Maccabean Revolt. Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day Tunisia and Libya. Bantu-speaking communities in the African Great Lakes regions develop iron forging techniques that enable them to produce carbon steel. The earliest Bantu settlements in the Swahili coast appear on the archaeological record in Kwale County in Kenya, Misasa in Tanzania and Ras Hafun in Somalia. Burebista conquers territories from south Germany to Thrace, reaching the coast of the Aegean Sea. Battle of Actium. The Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt. Amanirenas, the kandake (Queen) of the Kingdom of Kush, leads Kushite armies against the Romans. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Graeco-Roman manuscript is written. It describes an established Indian Ocean Trade route. Crucifixion of Jesus, exact date unknown. Kingdom of Aksum forms in the Horn of Africa. Roman Empire at largest extent under Trajan after having conquered modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia. Commodus becomes Roman Emperor. Defeat of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Emperor Valerian (253–260), by Shapur I of Persia (Valerian was captured by the Persians). Growth of Azanian and Zanj settlements in the Swahili coast. Local industry and international trade flourish. Visigoths and other Germanic tribes cross into Roman-Gaul for the first time. 410: Visigoths sack Rome in 410 for the first time since 390 BC. Justinian I publishes the Code of Civil Law. Gothic War in Italy as a part of Justinian's Reconquest. Massive Chinese (Sui and Tang) invasions against Korean Goguryeo. Last great Roman–Persian War. Grand Canal in China is fully completed. Muhammad migrates from Mecca to Medina. Joint Persian–Avar–Slav Siege of Constantinople. Establishment and expansion of Old Great Bulgaria. Battle of Heavenfield. First Arab siege of Constantinople. Vikings attack Paris. Otto deposes Pope John XII who is replaced with Pope Leo VIII. Mieszko I of Poland and his court embrace Christianity, which becomes the national religion.