Chazon Ish (jan 1, 1878 – jan 1, 1953)

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The Chazon Ish arrives in the British Mandate of Palestine from Lithuania in 1933 and, holding no formal office, becomes the recognized halakhic authority of the Haredi world. He rules extensively on agricultural law newly relevant in a Jewish agricultural society, including the sabbatical year, and on how observance functions in a modern state. In a famous meeting with Ben-Gurion he argues that the observant community, as the one carrying an unbearable burden, must be given way to — a conversation that frames Haredi–secular relations for generations. His insistence on full-time Torah study as the community's central task shapes the yeshiva exemption and the structure of Israeli Haredi life.

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